37^th Global Summit on Nanoscience and Technology October 21-22, 2020 Paris, France

Nanoparticles are important in various engineering and industrial fields comprising engineering catalysts, advanced ceramics, electronics, new batteries, fundamental ink and paint, biotechnology, drug delivery system, etc., and makes use of the unique properties of nanoparticles, which are completely different from those of the bulk materials (ores, minerals, coal, cereals, woodchips, sand, gravel, clay, cement). The surface layer is an integral a part of Nano scale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The surface layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules. In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a little object that behaves as a whole unit with reference to its transport and properties. Particles are further classified according to diameter.

Nanofabrication refers to the planning procedure of nanomaterial and devices that are measured in nanometers. One nanometer is one millionth (10-9) of a meter. It helps in parallel processing of material over a large scale. It is an economical method where by large scale economy is manufactured using an equivalent machinery and style and little amount of material. Component sizes that were in tens of micrometers became single digit micrometers, and then hundreds of nanometers, and then went down to a few tens of nanometers where they stand today. As a result, what want to be called micro fabrication was rebranded as nanofabrication. Nanofabrication can be divided into three major areas: thin films, lithography, and etching. Each of these is vast subject areas in and of themselves.

An Engineer can modify the properties of materials in a skillful method under the impact of external stimuli. These exterior impacts contain temperature, force, moisture, electric charge, magnetic field and ph. Nanotechnology is rapidly entering the world of smart materials and taking them to the next level. Piezoelectric materials either yield voltage when stressed or change its shape under the impact of an electric charge.  Thermo responsive materials are also known as shape memory alloys or shape memory polymers (an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated). These materials constantly change their shape under the influence of the ambient temperature. In medical field the use of smart materials that respond to injuries by delivering drugs and antibiotics or by hardening to produce a cast on a broken limb. Energy conservation and generation with highly efficient batteries and energy generating materials.

Nanobiotechnology is the interface of Nanotechnology and biotechnology and it includes the application of nanotechnology in the life science. The use of the important properties of nucleic acids like DNA to create useful materials is a successful modern research. This is associated with biosensors, particularly where photonics, chemistry, biology, biophysics, Nano medicine, and engineering converge. Bio nanotechnology is the term that refers to the crossroads of nanotechnology and biology. These ideas which improved through Nanobiology are includes with materials like Nano scale, Nano devices, and nanoparticles phenomena that occurs in the discipline of nanotechnology.

Nano weapon is a term use in military technology currently under development which seeks to exploit the power of nanotechnology in the modern battlefield. Nanoparticles utilized in different military materials can potentially hazard in nature to the soldiers that are wearing the material, if the material is allowed to warn out. As the uniform wear down it is likely for nanomaterial to separate and enter into the soldiers bodies. Soldiers having nanoparticles entering the soldiers bodies would be very unhealthy and will create seriously harm to them. There is not a lot of information on what the actual damage to the soldiers would be, but there have been studies on the effect of nanoparticles entering a fish through its skin. The studies showed that the different soldiers suffered from varying degrees of brain damage. This brain damage will create serious negative effect: the studies also say that the results cannot be taken as an accurate example of what would happen to soldiers if nanoparticles entered their bodies.

Nano electronics is refers to the use of Nanotechnology in electronic components. These components are often only a few Nano meter in size. However, the small electronic components become the harder they are to manufacture. Nano electronics covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristics that they are so small that inter atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Nano electronics helps the study of the synthesis and characterization of materials of Nano scale size. Quantum effects such as tunneling and atomistic disorder dominate the characteristics of these Nano scale devices.

Nano mechanics is a branch of Nano science studying important mechanical (thermal, kinetic and elastics) properties of physical system at the nanometer scale. Nano mechanics has looked as if on the crossroads of classical mechanics, solid state physics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. Being an area of Nano science, Nano mechanics provides a scientific basis of nanotechnology. Nano mechanics is observed on some experimental principles (basic observation), specifically general mechanics principles and specific principles arising from the smallness of physical sizes of the object of study. These principles serve to supply a basic insight into novel mechanical properties of nanometer objects.

The technology of creating machines or robots is called Nano robotics. Nano robots (nanobots or nanoids) are typically devices size up to 10 micrometers. As no artificial non-biological Nano robots have thus far been created. The following definition even large apparatus such as an atomic force microscope are often considered a Nano robotic instrument when configured to perform Nano- manipulation. These machines are largely utilized in the research and development segment but some primitive molecular machines and Nano motors are tested. These can be linked by chemical or physical means to make subassemblies. Applications in building wires, single electron transistors, and Nano waveguides are presented.

A nanotube is nanometer-scale tube-like structures, which are also referred to as nanowires, in terms of feature ratio. Nano tubes can be single-walled or multi-walled. Nano wires are in 1D nanostructure which generally has diameters of the tens in order of nanometers. The length to diameter ratio can also be the maximum amount as 1000. Nanowires and nanotubes are at the forefront of materials science at the Nano scale. Carbon nanotubes are considered as prototype examples of nanowires and nanotubes. Both Nano-materials are important for practical applications, and provide a system that simple enough in order that detailed calculations of their properties are often administered, and predictions about their physical behavior are often made. The occurrence and control of bizarre and unique properties of specific nanostructures are the drivers for the exploitation of Nano science in nanotechnology applications.

The term nanolithography originate from the Greek words “nanos”, meaning Dwarf; “lithos”, meaning rock; and “grapho” meaning to write. Therefore the literal meaning is tiny writing on rocks. Nanolithography is that the science of etching, writing or printing to modify a material surface with structures under 100nm. The purpose of nanolithography is that the shrinking of electronic devices, which allows for more electronics parts to be, crammed into smaller spaces, i.e., smaller integrated circuits that result in smaller devices, which are faster and cheaper to manufacture since less matrials are required. This also increases performance and response times because the electrons only got to travel very short distances.

Nano engineering is a practice of engineering that deals with all aspects of the design, use of engines and structures on the nanoscale. At its core, Nano engineering deals with nanomaterials and how they interact to make useful materials, structure, devices and systems. Nano engineering is not exactly a new science, but it enabling technology with application in industries from electronics, medicine, and biotechnology. While the term Nano engineering is largely used synonym for nanotechnology, the former technically focuses on the engineering aspects of the field. Other closely related terms used in this context are Nano manufacturing and nanofabrication. One possible approach to differentiate between the terms is by using the criterion of economic viability.

Nano chemistry is an amalgamation of Nano science and chemistry. Generally uses many methods to formulate and collect small pieces of matter which indicate unique magnetic, optical, electronic, chemical and mechanical actions attributable only to their nanometer size. Nano chemistry use approach from the synthetic chemistry and therefore the materials chemistry to acquire Nano material’s with particular sizes, shapes, surface properties, deformities, self-gathering properties, intended to satisfy particular capacities and uses. Nano materials can be made from for all purposes any material, for example, metals, semiconductors and polymers, both in their nebulous and crystalline structures. Its technique can be utilized to make carbon Nano materials, for example, carbon nanotubes, grapheme and fullerenes which have picked up consideration as of recently because of their mechanical and electrical properties.

Nano devices, the quickest moving segment of the general market, the Nanotek research involves in Magnetic Nano devices, Smart sensors and Nano-biosensors, Optical biosensors, Smart delivery system, Nano switches, and biologically inspired gadgets are predicted to transport at an excellent 35% CAGR. Nano-biosensors for 75%, 8% the phase Nano switches and Optical biosensors are anticipated to develop to 52.9 billion via 2021 and register a healthy 20.8% CAGR. Nano sensors will better hit upon the onset of sicknesses along with cancer or coronary heart ailment, and Nano market expects the marketplace for biomedical Nano sensors to attain approximately $1886 million in 2021. Around 19 universities and 54 new research initiatives are exhibited in Nanotechnology convention.

Nanotechnology offers some exciting potentials in medical science. Nano medicine involves two main techniques i.e. Diagnostic technique and Therapeutic technique. Nano flares are designed bind to genetic targets in cancer cells and generate light when that specific genetic target is found. Nanotechnology provides methods to inactivate genes in cells without genetic changes, to isolate their function. It is a mixture of therapeutic and imaging material supported the utilization of nanoparticles for drug delivery. Both approaches give an insight into the potential breakthroughs clinical research in which can be accomplished with nanotechnology. Furthermore, the nanotechnology based methods are emerging as a big breakthrough for the straight forward and rapid analysis of the genetic basis and treatment of diseases.

Nano photonics studies the behavior of light on nanometer scales as well as interactions of nanometer sized objects with lights. Nano photonics is considered a branch of electrical engineering, optics, and optical engineering as well as being a branch of nanotechnology. Nano photonics includes metallic components that can transport and focus light through surface plasmon polaritons. One of the great promises of Nano photonics the possibility that light is trapped in optical cavities inside three-dimensional photonic band gap crystals. An optical cavity in a photonic crystal is manufactured by either adding or removing high index of refraction material, which yields a donor or an acceptor, respectively. The mirrors of the optical cavities are formed by the surrounding photonic crystal with a band gap. It has been predicted that light is trapped in such a photonic crystal cavity in a small volume as small as 1/100^th of a wavelength cubed. It is a challenge to embed such controlled point defects inside three-dimensional photonic band gap crystals to attain functional systems.

The learning of Nano scale insights accompanied with geological system is Nano geo-science. Predominantly, this is interviewed by considering environmental nanoparticles size from 1 to 100nanometers. The Nano Geo-Sciences research team works closely with X-ray physical science in the Nano-Science Center. Nano geoscience encompasses the incorporation of microscopy, spectroscopy, and theoretical modeling comprised with experimental and fieldwork learning on the bulk manner connected with Nano scale mechanisms. Electron microscopy and allied spectroscopy approaches have been key techniques in this field for decades.

Nanotechnology covers many areas of science, research and technology, The future of nanotechnology has been a subject of scientific and non-scientific imagination. Nanotechnology is an advance science which is estimated to have quick and strong future developments. According to scientists, nanotechnology is forecast to have four generations of advancement. We are currently be subjected to the first or second generation of nanomaterials.