39^th Global Summit on Nanoscience and Technology April 25-26, 2022 Tokyo, Japan

A viral infectious disease emerged at the end of 2019, and it rapidly spread over the globe. The pandemic's global impact is scary, and it may not have reached its apex yet. The human race is likewise in a state of crisis as a result of mandatory quarantines and lockdowns. Nanoparticles (NPs) and viruses have similar scales of activity, making nanotechnology a powerful tool for vaccine development and immune engineering. Researchers in the field of nanomedicine have been constantly investigating the relationship between the ability of various Nano Systems and viral vectors to deliver genes and high infectivity. Nanotechnology could be the safest alternative to novel vaccine development technologies since NPs can replicate the structural and functional properties of viruses. Two nanoparticle-based vaccinations on the verge of being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration could be a game-changer in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. If they succeed, they will contribute to the mitigation of a global health catastrophe of unprecedented dimensions in modern history, illustrating the worldwide effect of nanomedicine and spreading awareness about its potential advantages to the broadest possible audience.

Combating CoV infections is a massive concern for healthcare systems, owing to the virus's high transmission rate and ability to withstand several mutations. The use of nanotechnology in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 has enormous potential. Several nano-based formulations have been demonstrated to increase antiviral medication target delivery and therapeutic efficiancy. A new generation of vaccines based on various types of nanomaterials, with better antigen stability, target delivery, and controlled-release, is another promising alternative. The development of technologies for speedy, accurate, and sensitive diagnosis, the manufacturing of effective disinfectants, the delivery of mRNA vaccines into human cells, and the delivery of antiviral medicines into the body are all nanotechnology-based solutions for COVID-19 disease management.

The application of nanotechnology in electronic components is referred to as nanoelectronics. The size of these components is often only a few nanometers. The smaller electronic components become, the more difficult they are to manufacture. Nanoelectronics comprises a broad spectrum of materials and devices with the common characteristic that they are so small that physical effects alter the materials ‘properties on a nanoscale. Inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties play a significant role in the workings of these devices.

Nanophotonics, sometimes known as nano-optics, is a branch of nanotechnology that studies light's behavior at nanoscale sizes and the interactions of nanometer-sized objects with light. Nanophotonics is a branch of nanotechnology, comprising the branch of electrical engineering, optics, and optical engineering. Controlling the properties of quantum emitters and improving their functionality requires nanophotonic devices.

The term “Nanobiotechnology” refers to the intersection of biology and nanotechnology. This discipline aids in bridging the gap between scientific study and a variety of nanotechnology fields. Nanobiology improves ideas by including nanoscale, nanodevices, and nanoparticle phenomena that occur within the nanotech study.

The term “nanosafety” refers to all of the issues surrounding nanotechnology's protection. Despite the fact that nanotechnology has been blooming for almost two decades, it is still considered a novel technology, and the health consequences of nanomaterials have not been thoroughly researched. Nanosized materials have different physicochemical attributes than the source material (thereby changing their reactivity in biological systems). It raises the question of whether conventional methods for assessing the detrimental effects of NMs are still valid.

Nanomaterials are extremely small particles with nanoscale dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. Biological approaches are used to create green nanomaterials or nanoparticles. Natural materials such as plants, microbes, and organic polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are actively involved in the synthesis of green nanoparticles. Green nanoparticles offer an alternate method for removing toxins from water bodies. The use of green nanoparticles in wastewater treatment is a cost-effective, convenient, and environment friendly option.

Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge science that has the ability to solve the present water treatment crisis' problems. It has the potential to add new dimensions to current water treatment procedures by enabling the most efficient use of eccentric water resources. Nanotechnology is used in three primary applications in water treatment: remediation and purification (through complete or partial removal of contaminants), pollution monitoring (through pollutant specific nanosensors and detectors), and pollution prevention.

Nanoengineering is a branch of engineering that analyzes, develops, and refines materials on a very small scale. It can be viewed as the application of nanoscience in a practical sense, similar to how mechanical engineering applied physics principles. Nanoengineering is concerned with nanoparticles and their interactions in order to create useful materials, systems, devices, and structures. Nanoengineering is not a new science, but rather a technique that has applications in a wide range of industries, including electronics, energy, medicine, and biotechnology. The work of a nanoengineer can be very diverse, however it usually revolves around the development of nanomaterials. Carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, and quantum dots are few examples.

Nanotechnology is a branch of technology that manipulates the molecular structure of materials to alter their inherent properties and create new ones with revolutionary applications. This is the case with graphene, a modified carbon that is harder than steel, lighter than aluminum, and nearly transparent, and these nanoparticles are utilized in electronics, energy, healthcare, and defense. Nanotechnology is a hot topic in research and development around the world, and nanomaterials are already found in hundreds of items, including sunscreens, cosmetics, fabrics, and sports equipment. Drug delivery, biosensors, and other medicinal uses are all being developed with nanotechnology.

The exceedingly small scale at which nanoengineering and nanofabrication take place is one of the most interesting elements of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology engineering procedures and tools that allow the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules - has emerged as a result of a better knowledge of this field. Nanotechnology allows humans to tinker with the universe's building elements, using quantum physics to manufacture materials with incredible precision - literally molecule by molecule. Nanotechnology advances are intricately linked to other technologies, many of which have received considerably greater attention. Other technologies, such as gene editing, additive manufacturing (3-D printing), artificial intelligence, spacecraft, and quantum computing, will benefit from nanotechnology.

Nanotoxicology is a growing discipline with roots in the toxicity of ultrafine particles in the environment. Nanotoxicology is a discipline of toxicology that studies the toxicity of nanomaterials originating from manufacturing processes (such as spray drying or grinding), combustion processes (such as diesel soot), and naturally occurring processes (such as atmospheric reactions or volcanic eruptions). Some cell subpopulations are more toxic to nanoparticles than others, and toxicity generally varies with cell cycle. Nanotoxicological research focuses on determining the toxic/hazardous effects of nanoparticles and nanopharmaceuticals on individuals and the environment. For toxicological and scientific journals that publish findings from nanotoxicology investigations, improving the quality of data presentation in nanotoxicology studies, particularly in the area of test item characterization, is a major concern.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylinder-shaped molecules made up of rolled-up single-layer carbon atom sheets (graphene). Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCN) are the two main types of carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Single-walled nanotubes (SWCNT) have a diameter of less than 1 nanometer (nm), while multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT) have diameters of more than 100 nm and are made up of multiple concentrically interconnected nanotubes. Their length might range from a few micrometers to millimeters. Carbon nanotubes are one of the strongest materials known to man, with unique structural and electrical attributes that make them suitable for a wide range of applications.

Nanometrology is derived from the Greek words "nanos," which means "one billionth," and "metrologia," which means "ratio theory." It is a branch of metrology concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level, including the quantitative determination of dimensions as well as other physical properties such as electrical, mechanical, optical, magnetic and combinations thereof, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials, and events occurring at the nanoscale. Nanometrology has only lately been identified as a key to the future of nanotechnology in general, and the development of the NP market in particular. It is the science of measuring dimensions in nanomaterials and nanodevices. Nanometrology is essential for quality control in manufacturing and toxicity research. Nanotechnology would not have achieved its current level of popularity if nanometrology had not existed.

Nanotechnology has the ability to significantly improve the quality of our air, water, and energy generation, resulting in significant environmental impacts. Environmental nanotechnology is the use of nanotechnology techniques to mitigate or prevent environmental degradation. Nanotechnology can have an impact on our environment by offering solutions to clean up existing pollutants. Environmental nanotechnology has a lot of potential for improving our planet's quality of life. Nanotechnological materials, methods, and applications are predicted to make major contributions to environmental and climate protection by conserving raw resources, energy, and water, as well as lowering greenhouse gas emissions and hazardous waste. As a result, using nanomaterials offers some environmental benefits and sustainable impacts. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, is now playing a little part in environmental protection, whether in research or in real - time applications.

Nanotechnology is the study of smaller structures ranging in size from 0.1 to 100 nanometers. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is concerned with the construction and development of small structures such as atoms, molecules, or compounds with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm into structures that can be further developed into unique devices with desired features and characteristics. Nanotechnology in pharmaceutics aids in the development of more advanced drug delivery systems, making it a valuable and potent tool as an alternative to conventional dosage forms. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology aids in the fight against a variety of diseases by recognizing antigens linked to diseases as well as the pathogens and viruses that cause them. It has been effective in overcoming various drawbacks of traditional dose forms such as pills and capsules.

Nanotechnology is the development of molecular-scale functional systems. Nanotechnology is being used in a variety of ways to improve the environment and produce more efficient and cost-effective energy, including reducing pollution during the manufacturing of materials, producing solar cells at a competitive cost, cleaning volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater. Nanomaterials and manufacturing methods have found their way into a wide range of applications. They have found use in solar cells, fuel cells, secondary batteries, supercapacitors, air and water purification, and the elimination of indoor and outdoor air pollutants. Clean energy and environmental applications frequently necessitate the creation of new nanomaterials capable of providing the shortest reaction paths thereby improving reaction kinetics. Understanding nanoparticles' physicochemical, structural, microstructural, and surface properties is crucial for achieving the needed efficiency, cycle life, and sustainability in a variety of technological applications.

Characterization of nanoparticles is a branch of nanometrology concerned with the identification and measurement of nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties. Nanoparticles have at least one external dimension of less than 100 nanometers and are frequently developed for their unique features. Nanocharacterization is done for a variety of reasons, including workplace exposure assessments to assess health and safety risks, nanotoxicology research and manufacturing process control.

Nanotechnology refers to science and engineering that occurs at a scale of less than 100 nanometers (nm). At the nanoscale, biological interactions take place. Our growing understanding of these interactions has resulted in a slew of nanotechnology-based applications currently being investigated. Nanotechnology advances are increasingly being used in the life sciences. Nanoscale designs and structures are being used in sectors like medicines, biotechnology, and tissue engineering. Nanotechnology's application in medicine has considerable potential with new technologies enhancing drug administration and providing novel diagnostic procedures. Different sections of nanotechnology are bringing science's almost incomprehensibly small device closer to reality, and at some time, advancements will be so large that they will touch all sectors of research and technology.

Nanochemistry is a rapidly growing discipline of chemistry, particularly solid-state chemistry, that focuses on the research and production of usable materials with nanometer-scale dimensions (1–100 nm). It's a new branch of the chemistry and materials sciences that focuses on developing novel ways for producing nanoscale materials. These materials have been explored for a variety of purposes including electronics and nanodevices and systems, composite materials, biotechnology and medicine, and even the textile industry.

Wet nanotechnology is an upcoming new sub-discipline of nanotechnology that will be dominated by different types of wet engineering. The procedures will take place in aqueous solutions and are quite similar to those employed in biotechnology / bio-molecular manufacturing, which is primarily concerned with the creation of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA/RN. Working up to large masses from small ones is the goal of wet nanotechnology (also known as wet nanotech). Wet nanotechnology necessitates the presence of water in the process. Chemists and biologists are also involved in the process, which entails bringing together individual molecules to reach larger scales.

Nanotechnology applications continue to drive substantial advancements in fields as diverse as electronics, microcomputing, and biotechnology, as well as health, consumer goods, aerospace, and energy generation. To acquire a more robust quantitative knowledge of matter at the nanoscale, improved modelling and simulation approaches are necessary as progress in nanoscale science and engineering leads to the continuous creation of sophisticated materials and innovative devices. Computational nanotechnology is a branch of nanotechnology dealing with the creation and application of computer-based models for comprehending, analyzing, and forecasting the behavior or features of nanotechnology-related systems. Expert insights into present and new methodologies, opportunities, and challenges linked with computational tools used in nanoscale research are provided in Computational Nanotechnology.